Genetic Properties
Recessive- requires two of the same gene to be produced
Dominant- requires
one expressed gene to be produced
Incompletely Dominant- dominant gene that can be altered by
a recessive
Order of Coat Dominance
-Wire
-Smooth
-Long
Examples of Genetic Properties
- A smooth carrying
long is bred to a long, and 3 puppies are born; 1 long hair and 2 smooths. 1 of the smooths has a very short, tight coat,
but the other has longer, slightly wavy hair (as compared to how a smooth should look).
--
The long hair is an example of recessive.
-- The short, tight coat smooth is an example of dominant.
-- The smooth with longer, and semi-wavy, hair is an example of incomplete dominance. The smooth gene was
passed causing the pup to be smooth, but the gene for the hair length of the long hair parent altered the smooth appearance
to be longer in this particular puppy's case.
Genetics
Affecting Coat Pigment
| Gene |
D/r | What/How |
Outcome |
|
e | r | Black base pigments appear red when 2 are received. | ee red and ee cream |
| d | r |
Black based pigments are lightened when 2 are received |
Blacks turn to blue, and chocolates turn to isabella. In the situation of reds, depending on recessively
carried traits and ee situations, you may have reds with blue or isabella noses. |
| ch | r
| Red pigments are lightened when 2 are received |
Creams, to include cream variations such as black and cream*
|
| Minus factors | r | Total lack of pigment
in any given area(s) not associated with piebald or dapple patterns/genes. |
White "patches" on the body. |
Skin v/s Hair Pigment
Eyes follow skin pigment, not hair pigment.
Typically,
skin and coat pigments are in sync, but not always. Ex: chocolate based reds (ASPS and ESPS)
Punnet Squares and How Used for Predicting Litter Outcomes
A Punnet Square is a generally 2*2 block to identify dominant and recessive
carried traits from each parent to know the chances of any given aspect of litter possibilities. They can also be used to
help determine what a given dog is carrying recessively.
Parent
A is a red (C) carrying choc & tn (b) and Parent B is a black & tn (B) carrying choc & tn (b). Parent A's
color genotype is labeled vertically, and Parent B horizontally.
B b
C
b
In this given scenario, your litter possibilities are as follows:
25% Red carrying black
25% Red carrying chocolate
25%
Black carrying chocolate
25% Chocolate
-To determine, the possibility of a puppy having points (t) or no points (y), we'll use the same parents
and process in 2 new punnet squares for tan points. NOTE: Lack of points is dominant to points so y is annotated with an uppercase
letter for this example.
t
t
Y
t
50% Does not have points, but carries points recessively
50% Does have points**
In either case, you can use the process of
elimination to mostly determine genotype. Such as, because one parent has points (2 tan point genes), every pup will carry
for points. If a black pup exists, it must carry chocolate because if the red parent would have passed red instead of chocolate,
the pup would be red. In the event of a red pup, you can not be for certain about how many point genes are carried or recessive
color carried.
Pattern
and Coat Variables
| Gene | D/R | To
What/Add'l Info |
| Piebald
| r | |
| Ticking and Roaning
| D | Visual is piebald specific |
| Brindle
| D | Also exists in hidden expression |
| Merle
(Dapple) | D |
Also exists in hidden expression |
| Points | r | To no points |
| ee | r | To all colors because of genotype. Sometimes responsible for hidden dapples.
|
| Colors | |
|
| Red |
D | To all other colors
|
| Wildboar/Sable | D | To all colors except
red |
| Black | r | Only dominant
to chocolate and ee |
| Chocolate
| r | To all but ee reds |
| Isabella
| r | Chocolate and Tan with 2d |
| Blue
| r | Black and Tan with 2d |
| Cream
| r | Red with 2ch (In situations of cream varieties, the ch only affects red/tan point areas) |
Additional Info
The ee red has a red phenotype (appearance), but can have a black based
pigment (black or chocolate) genotype because the e gene alters pigment color when 2 are received. However, it is still possible
for a pup to have a red genotype and two e genes.
The
ee color is an independent color such as Cream, Isabella, and Blue are also independent colors; 2 additional recessives are
required for each of the four colors to be produced. A cream requires 2 ch dilutions, an issy and blue require 2 d dilutions,
and an ee red requires 2 e genes. In order to produce an ee red, both parents have to pass a single e together.
The d and e genes only affect black based pigment. The e is a pigment
alteration while the d is a pigment dilution.
The ch only
affects red based pigments.
*In the case of ee creams,
the otherwise red hairs (such as black shading turn red by 2e's) has also been converted to cream.
**Because tan points are recessive, the expression of points indicates
2 t genes; therefore, I am not addressing the carry of the gene recessive when the puppy expresses points.
The A,B,C's (A, B, and C series)
The Genotype and How It Is Used
